Consequences and Reactions

As a result of the increased immigration, many industrialized countries adopted immigration restrictions. Some violence erupted; for example, riots against Irish Catholics occurred in the Northeastern USA out of fear of the Pope's influence. However, on the flipside, many cultures assimilated with the culture of the new country.

Gender Roles

Women played a much more important role in migration than they would have in their home country. Many women took working roles, and likely contributed a good portion of the income, if not most or all. It's possible that if the husband was injured or killed at work, the wife would then become the primary breadwinner, being a worker as well.

Ethnic Enclaves

One of the largest Ethnic Enclaves in the world is the San Francisco Chinatown. It features many parts of Chinese culture, from the language to the food to even the media. It's an example of how foreign expatriates establish their culture away from their home country. Even now, the lure of a Chinese enclave has brought many Chinese immigrants to the US, and Chinese culture has heavily influenced San Francisco and Northern California.

Xenophobia

In 1882, a 10-year moratorium on Chinese labour immigration was passed. This act also forced Chinese immigrants to provide certification if they wished to reenter the country. The likely cause for this was to prevent laborers from taking jobs that the non-foreign born population could have taken. The U.S. government at the time did not embrace immigrants to the country at the time. The White Australia policy attempted to stem the flow of Asian immigrants into Australia. One of the most affecting policies introduced during this time was the Immigration Restriction act, which effectively ended all non-European immigration. It accomplished this by introducing entrance exams in European languages, something non-Europeans such as Japanese would not understand.